Kidney #1

The kidney is an essential organ in the excretory system. It performs the following tasks:

• maintaining blood pressure
• blood filtration
• hormone secretion
• waste excretion
• pH maintenance

Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is the regulation of body's water content and solute concentration.

Thermoregulation

Physical Adaptations

• Fur, hair, etc to insulate heat

Circulatory Adaption

• Countercurrent flow

Behavioural Adaption

• Gross muscle movements
• huddling
• relocation
• torpor

Physiological Changes

• Regulating rate of heat exchange through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
• Regulating rate of heat production through muscle contractions and shivering
• Regulating rate of metabolic heat production 

Foreign Exchange Market

For simplicity, I will explain everything using the graph above.

In this case, The demand function is determined by the Japanese, who wants Canadian dollars in order to purchase Canadian goods, services, or assets.

The supply function is determined by Canadians, who want to exchange their currency for yen in order to purchase Japanese goods, services, or assets.

Things that increase the demand (the opposite decreases the demand) :

• If Japanese people become richer, they will buy more imported goods, thus increasing demand for CAD.
• If the interested rate of CAD rises, Japanese people will want to hold CAD as a financial asset
• If inflation is higher in Japan than in Canada, Japanese people will want more imported goods because they become relatively cheaper
• Speculation of a rise in CAD exchange rate.

Things that increase the supply (the opposite decreases the supply) :

• Canadian investments in Japan
• If Canadians become richer, they will buy more imported goods
• Inflation in Canada

Money Market

The horizontal axis should be labeled: quantity of money
The vertical axis should be labeled: nominal interest rate

The money supply is a vertical line.

Loanable Funds Market

The lonanable funds market is our banks. The supply of loanable funds represents how much people are willing to deposit into their banks, and the demand represents how much people are willing to borrow.

The horizontal axis should be labeled: quanitity of loanable funds.
The vertical axis should be labeld: real interest rate (%).

Phillips Curve

The phillips curve is a curve showing the inverse relationship between unemployment rate and inflation rate. It represents the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment in the short run.

A rightward movement along the phillips curve represents a leftward movement of the AD curve, and vice versa.

An outward shift of the phillips curve represents a supply shock or an increase in inflationary expectation.